Babies given extra amino acids in their
formula ate less and felt sated sooner than with regular cow's-milk formula, in
a new study whose results challenge the idea that bottle-feeding diminishes a
baby's ability to regulate its own food intake.
When
the amino acid glutamate was added to a typical cow's milk formula, researchers
found that babies drank significantly less of it and showed no signs of being
hungry. Human breast milk has naturally high levels of glutamate, a
building-block of proteins, but cow's milk, which is used to make most infant
formulas, has less of it.
"What
food is fed may be at least as important as how it is fed," said Gary
Beauchamp, director of the Monell Chemical Senses Center in Philadelphia, who
worked on the study.
Formula-feeding
infants has been linked to faster weight gain in the babies' first year, which
puts them at greater risk of obesity later in life. Adding glutamate to regular
infant formula might shorten feeding time, Beauchamp told Reuters Health.
"The
gold standard you want to mimic is consumption at the same rate as human
milk," he said.
Thirty
parents and their infants participated in the research, which is published in
the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition.
The
babies, who were less than four months old, were bottle-fed two consecutive
formula meals a day in a laboratory setting over three days.
Infants
drank one of three formulas during each first meal: regular cow's milk formula;
cow's milk formula with added glutamate; or so-called hydrolyzed formula, which
contains broken-down or predigested milk protein. Hydrolyzed formulas, which
also have high glutamate levels, are typically given to babies who have bad
reactions to whole protein.
Researchers
allowed the infants to drink formula at the first meal until they indicated
they were full. When the infants showed they were hungry again, they were given
a second feeding of cow's milk formula.
Parents
fed their baby at their customary pace, starting and ending only when the baby
signaled hunger or satisfaction with cues such as sucking on hands or turning
away from the bottle. They were unaware of what type of formula their baby was
getting.
During
the first meal, the infants drank significantly less hydrolyzed formula and
cow's milk formula with added glutamate compared to when they got regular cow's
milk formula, leading researchers to conclude that even on formula, babies may
know to stop eating when they're full.
"Since
the parents feeding the infants did not know what formula they were feeding,
the infants must have been able to control the amounts that they
consumed," Beauchamp explained in an email.
The
time between the first and second feedings did not differ markedly depending on
which formula a baby was given at the first meal. The infants who first got
hydrolyzed or added-glutamate formulas also did not make up for drinking less
at the earlier meal by having extra formula at the next one.
That
showed infants were just as satisfied after the two high-amino-acid formulas
despite drinking less, said Beauchamp.
The
study was funded by the National Institutes of Health and Ajinomoto Inc, a
maker of amino acids, but neither was involved in the research or the written
report, the authors note.
Beauchamp's
team concludes from the infants' behavior that glutamate may trigger a signal
in the body that tells babies they have eaten enough.
"Extra
glutamate seems to control the baby's appetite," said Dr. Ian Holzman, a
neonatologist at Mount Sinai School of Medicine in New York, who was not
involved in the study.
Although
human milk remains best for babies, Holzman explained, some babies have to be
fed formula for various medical or social reasons.
In
those cases, the study suggests adding glutamate to infant formula could make
it "closer to breast milk," he told Reuters Health.
"We
should try to make formula as good as it can be," he added.
Reuters
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