Apr 4, 2012

Vietnam - Central highlands: underground water decreases, coffee orchards thirsty

VietNamNet Bridge – The forests have been devastated, the El Nino rages through the land, water streams have been forced to change direction to give place to hydropower plants. All these have made the underground water depleted and coffee plants wither.

While the underground water gets depleted, the surface water on rivers, lakes and streams has also decreased, which both have made the dry season in the Central Highlands more severe. Pham Vu Tuan, Head of the Meteorology and Hydrology in the Central highlands, has predicted that this would be a difficult dry season for coffee growers, because of the low average rainfall in 2011.

Farmers, warned about the water supply shortage, have been on tenterhooks. Watering coffee plants is now their biggest concern. In Gia Lai, Dak Lak and Dak Nong provinces, farmers all are rushing to buy pipes and pumps to be ready to water coffee plants.

Tran Thanh Son, a farmer in A Yun Commune of Chu Se district in Gia Lai province, said that he had to spend 30 million dong to dig a well, but has not found the course of a stream. Son said that other farmers have dug the wells with the dept of hundreds of meters, but the water is limited.

In general, coffee growers need to water coffee plants three or four times in every crop. If the drought continues, there will be no water to irrigate the plants.

Dr Ngo Tuan Tu, Deputy Head of the water resource programming and survey federation in the central region and Central Highlands, said that the underground water resources in many parts of the central coastal provinces have been decreasing in both quality and quantity. In many places, the underground water has decreased by 20-30 percent, while the underground water level has dropped by 3-4 meters.

Tu said that the underground water in the coastal areas of the central region is more limited than other areas, which only exists on small aquifers of the narrow coastal plain and the riverside valleys.

In Quang Ngai and Ninh Thuan provinces, farmers have overexploited the underground water to hatch shrimp, and then discharge waste water, making the aquifers dirty. The titanium exploitation in Binh Dinh and Bnh Thuan has also been badly affecting the underground water quality. The underground water has been serving the exploitation operation, thus causing salinization.

In the Central Highlands, as the coffee growing areas have been increasing too rapidly, farmers have been suffering. As there is no rain in the dry season which lasts six months, farmers have to dig wells to get water to irrigate coffee plants. This has resulted to the decrease of 3-4 meters of the underground water level. In Bao Loc town, some wells have become depleted which cannot provide water for irrigation any more.

Besides, the environment has been seriously damaged due to the loss of the preventive forests. The rivers in the central region are too short, sloping, while there are too many hydropower plant dams. Therefore, the volume of water to the lower course is limited, which certainly influence the underground water current.

In order to save costs, farmers have to use electricity run pumps instead of diesel run pumps. However, this only can be applied for some coffee growing areas, while the coffee areas far from residential quarters still need to be pumped with diesel run machines. Meanwhile, the national electricity grid still cannot reach out to all localities.

As such, the serious decrease of the underground water is making the coffee production more costly, which means lower profits for farmers. It costs about 60 million dong to water and take care for one hectare of coffee.

Source: SGTT

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